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Because of the intermittent nature of speech, a speech transmission channel lies inactive for a considerable fraction of the time it is in use. A number of factors contribute to this. The talk-listen nature of a normal two-way telephone conversation means that transmission in any one direction occurs only about 50 percent of the time. In addition, the pauses between words and phrases may further decrease this to about 33 percent. If further allowance is made for end party delays such as the time required for a party to answer a call, the average fraction of the total connect time may drop to as low as 25 percent. The fraction of time a transmission channel is active is known as the telephone load activity factor, and for system design studies, the value of 0.25 is recommended by Comit Consutatif Internationale T l graphique et T l phonique (CCITT), although higher values are also used (Pratt and Bostian, 1986). The point is that for a significant fraction of the time the channel is available for other transmissions, and advantage is taken of this in the form of demand assignment known as digital speech interpolation.

Digital speech interpolation may be implemented in one of two ways, these being digital time assignment speech interpolation (digital TASI) and speech predictive encoded communications (SPEC).

The traffic-burst format for an INTELSAT burst carrying demand-assigned channels and preassigned channels is shown in Fig. 14.21. As mentioned previously, the demand-assigned channels utilize digital TASI, or what is referred to in the INTELSAT nomenclature as DSI, for digital speech interpolation. These are shown by the block labeled interpolated in Fig. 14.21. The first satellite channel (channel 0) in this block is an assignment channel, labeled DSI-AC. No traffic is carried in the assignment channel; it is used to transmit channel assignment information as will be described shortly. Figure 14.22 shows in outline the DSI system. Basically, the system allows N terrestrial channels to be carried by M satellite channels, where N M. For example, in the INTELSAT arrangement, N 240 and M 127. On each incoming terrestrial channel, a speech detector senses when speech is present, the intermittent speech signals being referred to as speech spurts. A speech spurt lasts on average about 1.5 s (Miya, 1981). A control signal from the speech detector is sent to the channel assignment unit, which searches for an empty TDMA buffer. Assuming that one is found, the terrestrial channel is assigned to this satellite channel, and the speech spurt is stored in the buffer, ready for transmission in the DSI subburst. A delay is inserted in the speech circuit, as shown in Fig. 14.22, to allow some time for the assignment process to

1. The competitive equilibrium real-wage rate is determined at the intersection of the market demand and supply curves of labor. 2. The wage differentials observed in the real world are generally due to market imperfections. 3. The supply curve of land and natural resources is upward-sloping. 4. The factors affecting interest rates are risk, maturity, administrative costs, and competitiveness of the loanable funds market. 5. In order for rms to invest in higher risk ventures the expected pro t must be higher. Answers: 1. True; 2. False; 3. False; 4. True; 5. True

Intelsat traffic burst structure. (Courtesy of Intelsat, 1983. With permission.)

be completed. However, this delay cannot exactly compensate for the assignment delay, and the initial part of the speech spurt may be lost. This is termed a connect clip. In the INTELSAT system an intermediate step occurs where the terrestrial channels are renamed international channels before being assigned to a satellite channel (Pratt and Bostian, 1986). For clarity, this step is not shown in Fig. 14.22. At the same time as an assignment is made, an assignment message is stored in the assignment channel buffer, which informs the receive stations which terrestrial channel is assigned to which satellite channel. Once an assignment is made, it is not interrupted, even during pauses between spurts, unless the pause times are required for another DSI

A rectangular array is a grid pattern of drawing objects. This pattern may be two- or threedimensional and you can construct it using the ArrayRectangular method. Just like the ArrayPolar method, this method returns an array of objects that hold a reference to the new drawing objects. varObjectArray = DrawingObject.ArrayRectangular (NumberOfRows, _ NumberOfColumns, NumberOfLevels, DistBetweenRows, _ DistBetweenColumns, DistBetweenLevels) Table 10-9 explains this method s parameters.